Current Challenges about Understanding of Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity

Manganese (Mn) is found in three major biologically-relevant oxidation states Mn(II), Mn(III) and Mn(IV), and it is an essential trace metal that is involved for several pathway, in the normal cell function and metabolism. However, since XIX century, the Mn is well known as neuro (toxic) agent, during acute and chronic exposure for air, water or aliments containing either highor low-level concentrations [1]. In addition to the exposure level and duration, other factors may contribute to Mn neuro (toxicity) such as cell target, developmental stage [2,3] gender, ethnicity, genetics, location, preexisting medical conditions [1]; chemical speciation and fractionation of the metal [3].